Free Essays on Frankenstein - a Comparrison

A Comparison of concentrates from Mary Shelly’s ‘Frankenstein’ and Susan Hills ‘Woman in Black’ of their Effectiveness and Creation of Tension I am aiming to survey a concentrate from two bits of pre and post nineteenth Century text, in the expectation of pinpointing the adequacy and methods of making pressure in a Gothic Horror story. There are manners by which to characterize Gothic Horror, i.e., the straightforward plots, rather otherworldly occasions, the particular definition between their mind boggling and striking portrayals, specific spotlight on fear and loathsomeness and the extreme depictions of the scene and climate. The pre century text is that of Mary Shelly’s ‘Frankenstein’, this is about a researcher called Frankenstein (last name), who was a fairly prosperous man, however with different pieces of dead bodies made another, remarkably solid and incredible being, which doesn't know wrong from right, who slaughters numerous individuals. He accuses his contemptible presence for the researcher Frankenstein and approaches a method of destroying his life. Right off the bat by setting up Frankenstein’s girlfriend’s sister for the passing of Frankenstein’s youthful sister, at this the sister is hanged. After the marriage of Frankenstein to his sweetheart, on their special first night the beast murders his better half. At the point when Frankenstein finds her he goes insane and reproduces her with external body parts. At the point when she rises she is crazy and murders herself, leaving Frankenstein distressed and defenseless. Later the beast comes back to disco ver Frankenstein dead and he slaughters himself. It is set in two or three spots, however it is a period dramatization, set for the most part in London at the hour of the Great Plague. But on the other hand is set in snow-topped mountains and the Swiss Alps. The post century text, is by Susan Hill, a story called ‘Woman in Black’. It is about a youthful legal advisor who goes to Norfolk in anticipation of settling the undertakings of one of his customers. While there he has what appears as though a dream of a lady dressed just I... Free Essays on Frankenstein - a Comparrison Free Essays on Frankenstein - a Comparrison A Comparison of concentrates from Mary Shelly’s ‘Frankenstein’ and Susan Hills ‘Woman in Black’ of their Effectiveness and Creation of Tension I am meaning to audit a concentrate from two bits of pre and post nineteenth Century text, in the desire for pinpointing the viability and methods of making pressure in a Gothic Horror story. There are manners by which to characterize Gothic Horror, i.e., the basic plots, rather otherworldly occasions, the particular definition between their unpredictable and distinctive portrayals, specific spotlight on dread and repulsiveness and the extraordinary depictions of the scene and climate. The pre century text is that of Mary Shelly’s ‘Frankenstein’, this is about a researcher called Frankenstein (last name), who was a fairly prosperous man, yet with different pieces of dead bodies made another, remarkably solid and ground-breaking being, which doesn't know wrong from right, who executes numerous individuals. He accuses his disgusting presence for the researcher Frankenstein and approaches a method of destroying his life. Right off the bat by setting up Frankenstein’s girlfriend’s sister for the demise of Frankenstein’s youthful sister, at this the sister is hanged. After the marriage of Frankenstein to his sweetheart, on their wedding trip night the beast executes his better half. At the point when Frankenstein finds her he goes insane and reproduces her with external body parts. At the point when she gets up she is insane and slaughters herself, leaving Frankenstein troubled and vulnerable. Later the beast comes back to discov er Frankenstein dead and he executes himself. It is set in a few spots, however it is a period show, set essentially in London at the hour of the Great Plague. But at the same time is set in snow-topped mountains and the Swiss Alps. The post century text, is by Susan Hill, a story called ‘Woman in Black’. It is about a youthful legal counselor who goes to Norfolk in anticipation of settling the issues of one of his customers. While there he has what appears as though a dream of a lady dressed basically I...

The Crucible Essays (577 words) - Salem Witch Trials,

The Crucible The Crucible was composed by Arthur Miller and, in the Northern creation, coordinated by Deborah Barton-Moore. The play is set in Salem, Massachusetts, 1692, where doubts of black magic were coasting near the town air. The play opens with Betty Parris wiped out in bed, and Reverend Parris keeping an eye on her, and thinking about what made her so wiped out. Before long Abigail Williams walks in, and through much testing, Reverend Parris in the end discovers that she, Tituba, Susanna Walcott and Betty were totally included together in a mystery rehearsing of black magic. Abigail recounts a move around a cauldron, in the forested areas, and says that was all that occurred But, at the point when Reverend Parris tells how he was in the forested areas at that specific time, furthermore, saw these moves, just as some other exceptionally peculiar ceremonies, Abigail slowly clarifies what went on, while forgetting about herself as the primary specialist. She says she was kind of drove into everything by different young ladies. Anyway, presently the stage is set for an assortment of startling allegations, embarrassments and tribulations. Abigail's exhibition stood apart to me, as I appreciated how she could change from that little sweet. blameless young lady, to a furious, thundering lady. Her ensemble fitted the timespan, and was very proper for the scenes, when combined with her development, and way. It was truly observable the manner in which she could change the traits of her character, as I referenced previously (a young lady to a tiger), just by the inconspicuous difference in different substantial activities. This was cultivated by vocal changes, and diverse strategy for stroll, from a light humble development, to a savage frolicking pound. The play had four principle sets, every one for every scene. It began in a little upper room in the home of Reverend Parris, with a bed, for wiped out Betty, a little night table, and a seat. Indeed, even with this modest number of physical props, the cast utilized space, and it looked outwardly alluring. As an executive, I may give a long table, or seat, with the goal that when Reverend Parris blames, the four ladies, they would move in an opposite direction from him, to show their dread, however then come up short on space and be compelled to lean or sit on the table or seat and listen to the Reverend. Along these lines, there is kind of a non-verbal job of prevalence over the Reverend, as he is remaining over the four who are sitting, along these lines making for the non-verbal communication that he's responsible for the circumstance. Through the rest of the demonstrations, the landscape shifts are made rapidly, alongside the lighting to make a move in time just as spot, and it accommodates a observable variety in the state of mind. In general, the specialized perspectives were very acceptable. Most of the work probably gone on in the background and in this way was un-observable to the crowd and myself. Be that as it may, to figure how well they did, thinking about all they needed to do and keep an eye out for. To the extent I saw, all the lighting and other prompts appeared to be spot on, and there never was where the on-screen characters needed to make up for a flawed lighting or prop switch. (In spite of the fact that, I accept the on-screen characters and entertainers would be generally prepared to do as such if the occasion stimulate.) Just recollect a year ago's presentation of the Front Page. I recall the presentation I went to, Hildy (Erik P.) got the telephone and begun to converse with the other party, - at that point it rang. Anyway, he caused it to up all things considered, and the current year's show was very amazing.

Women In Translation Month Moving Forward

Women In Translation Month Moving Forward Women In Translation Month only lasts until the end of August but there’s so much to look forward to the rest of the year (and beyond). Who better to ask about upcoming works by women in translation than the women who are translating them? We asked seven translators to tell us about the projects they are excited to be working on. Margaret Carson translates fiction, poetry, essays and drama from the Spanish. Her translations include Sergio Chejfec’s My Two Worlds and Mercedes Roffé’s Theory of Colors. She is a former co-chair of the PEN Translation Committee. Im currently translating De Homo Rodans and Other Writings  by one of my favorite artists, the Spanish surrealist  Remedios Varo (Anglés, Spain 1908-Mexico City 1963). The book will include a variety of short pieces: a pseudo scientific essay on the discovery of a wheeled humanlike creature (the title piece), imaginary letters, a dream journal, a few short, strange tales, and comments she made in letters to her brother on some of her most famous paintings. I found the book I’m basing the translation on long ago in the legendary Gandhi bookstore in Coyoacán, Mexico City, but it wasn’t until the superb Wakefield Press opened shop a few years ago that I found an enthusiastic publisher. Should be out in 2017. Franca Simpson is a freelance translator and founder of Calisi Press, an independent publishing house dedicated to translating Italian women writers for English readers. I liked Donatella Di Pietrantonio’s first novel, My Mother Is a  River, so much that I set up Calisi Press last year to introduce it to the English-speaking public.  Examining the difficult relationship between a middle-aged woman and her mother, and how it changes when the mother is affected by dementia, this is a deeply emotional story told without any sentimentality or mawkishness. The same affecting but unsentimental approach to relationships characterises Donatella’s second novel, Bella Mia, which explores the dynamics of a family in the aftermath of the earthquake that devastated L’Aquila in 2009. Bella Mia will be published by Calisi in November 2016. Susan Bernofsky translates German-language literature and directs the program on literary translation at Columbia University. She is a 2014 Guggenheim Fellow and has won multiple awards for her work, including the 2015 Independent Foreign Fiction Prize for her translation of Jenny Erpenbeck’s novel The End of Days. Yoko Tawada’s novel Memoirs of a Polar Bear (forthcoming from New Directions this November â€" just in time for an early snow?) is one of my all-time favorites among the books I’ve translated. It’s a playful tale of several generations of polar bears who live in human society (speaking Russian, German, maybe some English, and in distant memory Northpolish), freelancing and working at theaters, circuses, and zoos. Not quite PG either. After reading it, you’ll be surprised to learn how much was based on actual real-life people and events. Oh, and who knew that polar bears have authored ethnic minority literature? Valerie Miles is is a publisher, writer, translator and the coâ€"founder of Granta en español.  Below is an excerpt from her translation of Marina Perezagua’s novel, Yoro which she is currently translating for Ecco Press. “What you are about to read is the mark of a white-hot iron on a mule’s rump, a rill eroded into granite by the rain, the bowing of a tree caused by hardwearing winds. That’s right, this is the logical response of a sensitive nature, my story. A story that was written by me, but set in motion by the fate woven by others from above. As you continue on, you may come across the likeness of some colleague of yours, or someone familiar to you, or even yourself. If you don’t like what you find, just go ahead and break the mirror or burn what you’ve read, but you’ll never be rid of the toxin, the rotting guts that contaminate the rivers, seas, wombs, and fields. And you’ll never be able to take from me the joy I’ve come to know. I call myself H because I’ve always been deprived of having a voice, and a Spanish man once told me that h is the silent letter in his language. This letter will be my name, seeing as it’s a name I share with many other mute fellows who might discover their own voices herein. You’ll find me soon, I think. I won’t resist, as this story is my resistance. Whoever comes to detain me will see the same brown river that I am gazing at now, this same African refuge that’s allowed me to transcribe my testimony these latter days. Perhaps my captor is already so close he’ll see the same hippopotamus I’m watching this very instant, in the same position, with the same bird on top, drying off in the sun as if there were no such thing as hell.” Elisabeth Jaquette is a translator from the Arabic. Her first novel-length translation is The Queue by Basma Abdel Aziz (to be published by Melville House in 2016), which received a 2014 English PEN Translates Award. The Queue is a novel of dystopic-realism or perhaps surrealism? set after a failed uprising in an unnamed Arab country. It has great political relevance to our world today, and also stands out for Basma’s depictions of a wide range of female characters. Its my favorite project to date, largely because working with Basma was such a joy: she’s very conscious of her choices as a writer, and interested in discussing the linguistic and cultural issues that translation brings up. Ruth Clarke is a translator working from Spanish, French, and Italian. Her translation of the Italian writer Cristina Caboni’s first novel, The Secret Ways of Perfume, was published in both the UK and the United States. She is currently at work translating Caboni’s The Keeper of Bees and Honey. Cristina Caboni’s bestselling debut novel, The Secret Ways of Perfume, has been translated into 23 languages. Her work draws on her passion for the outdoors. When Caboni isn’t writing or tending roses, you’ll find her with her bees â€" the subject matter for her second book, The Keeper of Bees and Honey. Both stories are driven by strong female characters. “Women are always a great source of inspiration for me”, Caboni says, “they never give up, and despite their difficulties, they always manage to face life with a smile.” Charlotte Whittle  translates from Spanish.  She is a co-translator of Eduardo González Viaña’s novel, César Vallejo’s Season in Hell. Below, she tells us about her current project. Norah Lange (1905-1972) was an Argentine novelist, poet, and memoirist who participated in some of the key moments of the Argentine avant-garde. Her novel Personas en la sala (1950) is narrated by a young voyeuse obsessed with three women who live in the house opposite her own. As she describes their daily rituals, her meandering sentences betray her imaginative excesses, and the novel becomes a series of episodic, almost hallucinatory imaginings that illuminate the stifling nature of the domestic sphere.  Lange’s work has long been neglected, and I hope this translation will bring her some of the attention she deserves.

Affirmative Action is Reverse Discrimination Essay example

Affirmative Action is Reverse Discrimination Even though slavery has not been a part of America for over a century now, racial discrimination still exists in various parts of our culture. A controversial policy known as affirmative action was introduced in the 1960s to try and promote racial equality in society. Affirmative action is supposed to give minorities an equal chance in life by requiring minority employment, promotions, college acceptance, etc. At first this sounds like a perfect solution to racial discrimination, but in reality it is discrimination in reverse. The term affirmative action was first used back in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy in an executive order designed to encourage racially mixed work forces.†¦show more content†¦This was definitely a breakthrough, but the effects of affirmative action still linger. Many businesses and corporations still give preference to minorities even if they are less qualified. Employers fear that lawsuits will be f iled stating that applicants were turned down because of their race. Renowned author and political activist Nathan Glazer, has been against affirmative action since its beginning. Glazer believes that the policy became controversial when it went beyond the ideas of the Civil Rights Act and started requiring employers to hire or promote a certain number of minority applicants or employees. In order to make sure that affirmative action was taking place, federal courts started enforcing quotas or goals for specific numbers of minority hiring. If these were met, lawsuits based on racial discrimination would be less valid. Says Glazer, Affirmative action has become a matter of setting statistical goals or quotas by race for employment... the expectations of color blindness that was paramount in the 1960s has been replaced by a rigid frame of numerical requirements.(Glazer, 6) Those who oppose quotas and goals are said to be opposers of the Civil Rights Act, even though the affirmative action of today is not what the Civil Rights Act embodied. Glazer compares the misinterpretation of the Civil Rights Act to the desegregation of schools. In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled that segregatedShow MoreRelatedEssay on Affirmative Action is Reverse Discrimination1010 Words   |  5 PagesAffirmative Action is Reverse Discrimination    When the Civil Rights Bill was being debated on the floor of the Senate, Barry Goldwater predicted that this particular bill might be abused. Herbert Humphrey, however, stated that he would eat every page of the bill if ever it were used to justify discrimination against anybody on account of race or sex. The bill eventually passed and became the Civil Rights Act. From college admissions to government contracts, the Civil Rights Act has been grosslyRead MoreEssay on Reverse Discrimination and Affirmative Action4000 Words   |  16 PagesReverse Discrimination and Affirmative Action Discrimination in employment has been an issue that has plagued our society throughout history. At the turn of this century it was acceptable to advertise job openings and specifically state that people of a certain race, color, religion, gender, or national origin need not apply. A lot has changed over the last 100 years. The proverbial pendulum has swung in the direction of federal protection of certain people, but the problem now is thatRead MoreAffirmative Action is NOT Reverse Discrimination Essay2079 Words   |  9 Pages Affirmative action is not the source of discrimination, but the vehicle for removing the effects of discrimination. The Labor Department report found less than 100 reverse discrimination cases among more than 3,000 discrimination opinions by the U.S. District Court and the Court of Appeal between 1990 and 1994. Discrimination was established in only six cases. The report found that, â€Å"Many of the cases were the result of a disappointed applicant†¦. erroneously assuming that when a woman or minorityRead MoreAffirmative Action to Reverse Discrimination Essay2454 Words   |  10 PagesAffirmative Action to Reverse Discrimination Question at Issue Affirmative action was implemented with the idea and hope that America would finally become truly equal. The tension of the 1960s civil rights movement had made it very clear, that the nations minority and female population were not receiving equal social and economic opportunity. The implementation of affirmative action was Americas first honest attempt at solving a problem, it had previously chose to ignore. However, thereRead MoreEssay about Affirmative Action is Not Reverse Discrimination1293 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative Action is Not Reverse Discrimination Affirmative Action is not meant to help blacks because of the color of their skin, but because they deserve compensation for past and continuing injustices. Opponents may criticize the wisdom of how this compensation is meted out, but they cannot question the principle of compensatory damages, which enjoys a long tradition in our society. To many opponents of affirmative action, a color-blind society should not discriminate at hiring timeRead MoreAffirmative Action vs Reverse Discrimination Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesAffirmative Action or Reverse Discrimination Colleen Koehn Business Law 1038 Instructor Jackie Sexson March 1, 2010 South University Online There has been a large debate in recent years if affirmative action has gone against the American way, has affirmative action caused reverse discrimination? The establishment of affirmative action was put into place to create equal rights for racial minorities, ethnic minorities, women, the physically disabled and those who served in the militaryRead MoreExercise 3.4 : Reverse Discrimination Or Legal Affirmative Action?1945 Words   |  8 PagesExercise 3.4 - Reverse Discrimination or Legal Affirmative Action? FORM 3.4.1 1. What conditions are necessary in order for an organization to show preference for one group over another? As long as it is not sexual, racial or discrimination because of any disabilities which has no connection with the performance of the job, the organization can differentiate between different groups through job qualifications, skill sets education levels, interviews, , and many other conditions required by certainRead MoreBUSI 642 DB 1 Essay990 Words   |  4 Pages BUSI 642: Week 2 Discussion Board 1 Liberty University Discussion Board 1 In a world that is quick to state discrimination has taken place, there is a new discrimination emerging (i.e. reverse discrimination). Is this form of discrimination really discrimination? What diversity practices would you put in place to prevent any kind of discrimination? Generally speaking, discrimination is rooted in within the â€Å"cultural fabric of the United States† along the lines of â€Å"housing, employment, health,Read More Affirmative Action Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pages Affirmative Action is defined by Websters New World College Dictionary as a policy or program for correcting the effects of discrimination in the employment or education of members of certain groups. The phrase affirmative action was coined by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 when he issued Executive Order 10925, initiating the Presidents Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued Executive Order 11246. This order required federal contractors toRead MoreEssay on Affirmative Action Policies912 Words   |  4 PagesThe past few days the human resources department has been discussing the importance of implementing an affirmative action policy to assist in assuring that the company complies with equal employment opportu nity laws. The department has decided that the best action is to contact the members of the board of directors. The Federal Government has passed several laws to prevent employment discrimination, and not complying with these laws can cause serious consequences. The purpose of equal employment opportunity

Management Theories Of Total Quality Management - 834 Words

In a trade association, the members that are served dictate the strategy for how the business operates. This theoretical summary will focus on the management theories of Total Quality Management and Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Motivation and the role that each of these theories play in the success of a trade association. The total quality management (TQM) viewpoint is based on an organizations ability to provide quality services and products, continuous improvement internally and externally, ongoing training and education, and most importantly customer satisfaction. Proper use of TQM results in improved product and service quality, more effective and efficient process design, reduction in the waste of resources, and thus higher productivity. (Yuni, 2013). In an association, customer satisfaction is extremely important and there is great emphasis placed on the quality of work that is produced by the association. Although there are many management strategies TQM embeds awareness of quality in all organizational processes and requires that organizations maintain quality standards in all aspects of the business. (Ross Perry 1999). Dr. W. Edwards Deming, is noted as the man who discovered quality and developed his principles with a focus on the customer and customer satisfaction as a measure of succ ess and achievement. (Gabor, 1992). As customer needs and demands change, the organization has to adapt to those changes. Understanding customer needs and being ableShow MoreRelatedToyota s Theory Of Total Quality Management1500 Words   |  6 Pagesmanufacturers, Toyota has always had a reputation for high quality automobiles at very competitive prices. Toyota’s approach to production is a ‘lean manufacturing system’ or a â€Å"Just-in-Time (JIT) system, which aims at producing vehicles in the fastest and most efficient way possible, in order to deliver vehicles in the fastest possible time. Despite having a very effective production system in place, in 2009 Toyota experienced a crisis in the quality of their cars, which in result caused them to recallRead MoreTotal Quality Management Theory1305 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Most organizational management theories descend either from Frederick Taylor’s scientific management theory or from Elton Mayo s human relations model. Total Quality Management (TQM) theory grew out of existing organizational management theories, in part, as a response to the problems in those theories. Edwards Deming and Joseph Juran are most responsible for the development of TQM. Deming and Juran began work on TQM in the 1930s and continued shaping the management model into the 1990s. DuringRead MoreTheory Analysis: Total Quality management2922 Words   |  12 Pageshave difficulties in implementing Total Quality management Approach According to the prestigious management consultant company, Surveys by consulting firms have found that only 20-36% of companies that have undertaken TQM have achieved either significant or even tangible improvements in quality, productivity, competitiveness or financial return. As a result many people are skeptical about TQM. (http://www.j ohnstark.com/fwtqm.html). The total Quality Management Approach works towards achievingRead MorePrinciples Of Total Quality Management1178 Words   |  5 PagesTotal Quality management is a usual practice during and administration approach that began in the 1950s and has consistently turned out to be more general since the mid-1980s. Total quality management places strong recognition on process size and controls as approach of non-stop improvement. TQM is explanation of philosophy, attitude and association of a company that struggles to offer consumers with products and services. The way of life requires in all parts of the organizations operations, withRead MoreDefinition Of Total Quality Management1555 Words   |  7 PagesBusinessDictionary.com defines Total Quality Management (TQM) as a holistic approach to long-term success that views continuous improvement in all aspects of an organization as a process and not as a short-term goal. It aims to radically transform the organization through progressive c hanges in the attitudes, practices, structures, and systems. Total quality management transcends the product quality approach, involves everyone in the organization, and encompasses its every function: administrationRead MoreDifference Between Total Quality Management896 Words   |  4 PagesTable I shows a summary of the various approaches and some of their key characteristics. Despite some differences between Total Quality Management (TQM), the Theory Of Constraints (TOC), Six Sigma and Lean the desired outcome of each methodology is ultimately customer focused. TQM, and Lean trace their origins to the quality evolution in Japan shortly after the Second World War though the concepts within each have developed differently. Many TQM concepts and tools have become integral parts LeanRead MoreCritical Analysis On The Philosophy Of Control1478 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: APPLY YOUR SKILLS 1 APPLY YOUR SKILLS 2 Apply Your Skills: Case for Critical Analysis Learner Name Kaplan University GM501-01: Management Theories and Practices II Dr. Carrie A. O?Hare February 10, 2016 Five Stars: Critical Analysis on the Philosophy of Control Introduction The new Teacher Evaluation System implemented by the State Department of Education is in question. There are issues with the like lack of accuracy and unfair evaluation practice becauseRead MoreThe Reflection Of The Xyz Organization Is Stagnant As Well As Identifying Key Factors That Keep The Organization1503 Words   |  7 Pagesis felt by those in the room who disagree with this perceived perception. Simply put, not everyone has the same view point when it comes to change. However, our society has clearly fostered a fearful response to the unknown and it is an ongoing management issue in the workplace. This research paper is an attempt to better understand why some processes in the XYZ organization are stagnant as well as identifying key factors that keep the organization from moving forward at all times. More specificallyRead MoreThe Case Of A Complaining Customer - Executive Summary1606 Words   |  7 Pagesmisplaced! The store carry out a thorough search of the store and it becomes apparent that the laundry has been given to another customer by mistake. In relation to the Operations Managers role in addressing this problem, many aspects of service quality definitely are not met and most certainly need to be improved on. The new computer system has been installed to provide easy, convenient and time saving services to customers, however it appears that Presto Cleaners may have caused unnecessary unhappyRead MoreSamsung Electronics Company s Total Quality Management Essay1118 Words   |  5 Pagescompany through looking at total quality management including 4 factors which are lowering  costs(zero  defects), continuous improvement, employee involvement, and customer satisfaction as well. Total quality management (TQM) have played important roles in reinforcing corporate competitiveness within the company. Introduction In today’s global market, competition continues to get harder and it is becoming essential for companies to provide more consistent or better quality products and services to

The process of digestion Free Essays

Wart also learned from his experiences as a snake that snakes weren’t deaf at all, they can still hear using one/ two ear(s). Wart then met a serpent named T. Natural, a patient and gentle serpent who taught Wart about snakes, history, and legends. We will write a custom essay sample on The process of digestion or any similar topic only for you Order Now T first told Wart about his education being neglected as a snake and how he can’t distinguish a T. Natural. Wart was then told about the reptile’s history, including the two families Totalitarians manias and the Curator’s incisors. The Atlanta family had very huge descendants, while the Cerate family was about 17 feet long, but razor sharp teeth that were giant. The serpent T told Wart about these two families and how they constantly battled and flee from each other. T then told Wart about how the python lost its venom. The python released his venom in fury after he saw that he transported humans to the 7th heaven. The poison then fell onto trees, water snakes, frogs, and cobras. In order to prevent chaos, the leader Aunt E told the venomous animals to use their poison in self defense. The frog and water snake did not agree, so they lost their poison due to water. Wart learned many things from his experience as a snake talking to other snakes. Annotations: 1. In chapter 15, why was Sir Sector so upset that the King sent hunters to kill boars in the forest? Sir Sector argued that he wanted to instead hunt down the boars with his own team and hounds and supply the king. This is unreasonable because the hounds or hunters can be killed in a boar hunt, so Sir Sector should be grateful that he King is sending his own men and dogs to hunt. I think the only reason Sir Sector is angry is because he has to supply and nourish the hunters and their dogs until the goal Is achieved. 2. On the bottom of page 194, what Is the song that is being sung? I don’t know how to Interpret this as a song except for the rhyming such as puddle and fuddle. There are many slash marks and weird words such as, â€Å"E could ‘rent alp It,’ e AD to. This is too confusing and I have no idea to what it may be. 3. On page 185, How to cite The process of digestion, Essays

Platos Early Dialogues Essays - Socratic Dialogues,

Plato's Early Dialogues EUTHYPHRO Persons of the Dialogue: Socrates and Euthyphro Scene: The Porch of the King Archon SUMMARY As the dialogue begins, Socrates is on his way to court to face the charges brought on him. Euthyphro is on his way to the court to prosecute his father for murder. Socrates is very surprised at Euthyphro's charge against his father and asks him if he is sure that what he is doing is pious or holy. He asks Euthyphro to tell him about the nature of piety and impiety. Euthyphro will not define piety or impiety, but instead says ?Piety is doing as I am doing, and compares it with the actions of the god Zeus when he punished his own father. Socrates asks for a definition and not an example, to which Euthyphro offers that ?Piety is that which is dear to the gods. Socrates accepts this definition, but forces Euthyphro to admit that the gods differ, just like human beings, about what they love and hate. By this definition, the same act may be called both pious and impious, therefore this definition leads to contradiction. Euthyphro offers a third definition and claims: ?What all the gods love is pious. Socrates then asks whether an act is loved by the gods because it is pious, or and act is pious because it is loved by the gods. Euthyphro responds that the gods love an act because it is pious. By this, Socrates concludes that Euthyphro's definition is only a characteristic of piety, not its definition. At this point, Euthyphro says that he does not know how to express what he means and accuses Socrates of setting arguments in motion. Socrates is not satisfied and accuses Euthyphro of being lazy, and forces the argument further by asking whether piety is a part of justice, or justice a part of piety. Here, Euthyphro offers yet another definition: ?Piety...is that part of justice which attends to the gods. Now Socrates wants an explanation of ?attention, and asks if the gods benefit from this ?attention, to which Euthyphro responds that the attention is like ministration to the gods. Socrates then points out that ministration usually means assisting someone in his work, and asks what ministration to the gods helps them to do. Euthyphro responds that the discussion has become tiresome, and issues his fifth definition: ?Piety...is learning how to please the gods by prayers and sacrifices. Socrates asks if piety is an art which gods and human beings have of doing business with one another, and what benefits do the gods receive from the offerings of individuals. Euthyphro answers that they get ?tributes of honour?; they are pleased, not benefited. Socrates tells him that by saying that the gods are pleased, they have returned to an earlier definition. Frustrated and annoyed, Euthyphro tells Socrates that he is in a hurry to depart and ends the discussion. ANALYSIS This dialogue explores the meaning of Piety. As the dialogue starts, Socrates is on his way to court to defend himself against accusations of impious behavior; Euthyphro is prosecuting his own father based on his own understanding in the matter of piety. As the dialogue develops, Euthyphro seems to take on the role of Meletus, Socrates' accuser. He claims to have perfect understanding in the matter of piety, so Socrates requests his help to answer Meletus charges against him. He asks Euthyphro to instruct him about the nature of piety. In his first definition, Euthyphro states that he is justified on bringing charges against his father because Zeus has done the same, and therefore there is divine justification. Later, Euthyphro offers other definitions about the nature of piety, and in all of them he implies that his knowledge in the subject is indeed superior to the majority. If this is the case, then only Euthyphro is the judge as to whether an action should or should not be performed. He starts by justifying his actions through divine understanding, but Socrates is not satisfied. He then tries to make his actions right, but, again, Socrates leads him into contractions. Finally, he tries to turn his actions into a duty. Through the dialogue, Euthyphro tries to use the gods to justify his actions and interests, which is exactly the same charge that will later send Socrates to his death. When asked about the relationship between the gods and human beings, Euthyphro tells us that our duty is to please the gods and, through our actions, to honor and glorify them. If this is true, then we

Hand Gestures Around the World and Their Meanings

Hand Gestures Around the World and Their Meanings If you’re looking to travel abroad, it can seem stressful dealing with the language barrier between you and the locals. Learning a new language is not an easy thing to do especially if you don’t have a lot of time to spare. So rather than cramming a bunch of phrases last minute, why not learn how to communicate without saying a single word? The infographic below presents hand gestures around the world and their meanings. All you have to do is master  a few simple hand gestures and identify the one pertaining to the country you’re visiting and you’ll be able to communicate effectively without cramming a ton of phrases last minute.  Source:[BusinessInsider]

The History of Lighting and Lamps

The History of Lighting and Lamps The first lamp was invented around 70,000 BC. A hollow rock, shell or other natural found object was filled with moss or similar material that was soaked with animal fat and ignited. Humans began imitating the natural shapes with manmade pottery, alabaster, and metal lamps. Wicks were later added to control the rate of burning. Around the 7th century BC, the Greeks began making terracotta lamps to replace handheld torches. The word lamp is derived from the Greek word lampas, meaning torch. Oil Lamps In the 18th century, the central burner was invented, a major improvement in lamp design. The fuel source was now tightly enclosed in metal, and an adjustable metal tube was used to control the intensity of the fuel burning and intensity of the light. Around the same time, small glass chimneys were added to lamps to both protect the flame and control the flow of air to the flame. Ami Argand, a Swiss chemist is credited with first developing the principle of using an oil lamp with a hollow circular wick surrounded by a glass chimney in 1783. Lighting Fuels Early lighting fuels consisted of olive oil, beeswax, fish oil, whale oil, sesame oil, nut oil, and similar substances. These were the most commonly used fuels until the late 18th century. However, the ancient Chinese collected natural gas in skins that were used for illumination. In 1859, drilling for petroleum oil began and the kerosene (a petroleum derivative) lamp grew popular, first introduced in 1853 in Germany. Coal and natural gas lamps were also becoming wide-spread. Coal gas was first used as a lighting fuel as early as 1784. Gas Lights In 1792, the first commercial use of gas lighting began when William Murdoch used coal gas for lighting his house in Redruth, Cornwall. German inventor Freidrich Winzer (Winsor) was the first person to patent coal gas lighting in 1804 and a thermolampe using gas distilled from wood was patented in 1799. David Melville received the first U.S. gas light patent in 1810. Early in the 19th century, most cities in the United States and Europe had streets that were gaslight. Gas lighting for streets gave way to low-pressure sodium and high-pressure mercury lighting in the 1930s and the development of the electric lighting at the turn of the 19th century replaced gas lighting in homes. Electric Arc Lamps Sir Humphrey Davy  of England invented the first electric carbon arc lamp in 1801. A carbon arc lamp works by hooking two carbon rods to a source of  electricity. With the other ends of the rods spaced at the right distance, electrical current will flow through an arc of vaporizing carbon creating an intense white light. All arc lamps use current running through different kinds of gas plasma. A.E. Becquerel of France theorized about the fluorescent lamp in 1857. Low-pressure arc lights use a big tube of low-pressure gas plasma and include fluorescent lights and neon signs. First Electric Incandescent Lamps Sir Joseph Swann  of England and  Thomas Edison  both invented the first electric incandescent lamps during the 1870s. Incandescent light bulbs work in this way: electricity flows through the filament that is inside the bulb; the filament has resistance to the electricity; the resistance makes the filament heat to a high temperature; the heated filament then radiates light. All incandescent lamps work by using a physical filament. Thomas A. Edisons  lamp became the first commercially successful incandescent lamp (circa 1879). Edison received U.S. Patent 223,898 for his incandescent lamp in 1880. Incandescent lamps are still in regular use in our homes, today. Lightbulbs Contrary to popular belief, Thomas Alva Edison did not invent the first lightbulb, but rather he improved upon a 50-year-old idea. For example, two inventors that patented the incandescent light bulb before Thomas Edison did were Henry Woodward and Matthew Evan. According to the National Research Council of Canada: Henry Woodward of Toronto, who along with Matthew Evans patented a light bulb in 1875. Unfortunately, the two entrepreneurs could not raise the financing to commercialize their invention. The enterprising American Thomas Edison, who had been working on the same idea, bought the rights to their patent. Capital was not a problem for Edison: he had the backing of a syndicate of industrial interests with $50,000 to invest - a sizable sum at the time. Using lower current, a small carbonized filament, and an improved vacuum inside the globe, Edison successfully demonstrated the light bulb in 1879 and, as they say, the rest is history. Suffice it to say,  light bulbs  developed over a period of time. First Street Lamps Charles F. Brush  of the United States invented the carbon arc street lamp in 1879. Gas Discharge or Vapor Lamps American, Peter Cooper Hewitt patented the mercury vapor lamp in 1901. This was an arc lamp that used mercury vapor enclosed in a glass bulb. Mercury vapor lamps were the forerunners to  fluorescent lamps. High-pressure arc lights use a small bulb of high-pressure gas and include mercury vapor lamps, high-pressure sodium arc lamps, and metal halide arc lamps. Neon Signs Georges Claude of France invented the  neon lamp  in 1911. Tungsten Filaments Replace Carbon Filaments American,  Irving Langmuir  invented an electric gas-filled tungsten lamp in 1915. This was an incandescent lamp that used tungsten rather than carbon or other metals as a filament inside the lightbulb and became the standard. Earlier lamps with carbon filaments were both inefficient and fragile and were soon replaced by tungsten filament lamps after their invention. Fluorescent Lamps Friedrich Meyer, Hans Spanner, and Edmund Germer patented a  fluorescent lamp  in 1927. One difference between mercury vapor and fluorescent lamps is that fluorescent bulbs are coated on the inside to increase efficiency. At first, beryllium was used as a coating however, beryllium was too toxic and was replaced with safer florescent chemicals. Halogen Lights U.S. Patent 2,883,571 was granted to Elmer Fridrich and Emmett Wiley for a tungsten halogen lamp - an improved type of incandescent lamp - in 1959. A better halogen light lamp was invented in 1960 by General Electric engineer Fredrick Moby. Moby was granted U.S. Patent 3,243,634 for his tungsten halogen A-lamp that could fit into a standard light bulb socket. During the early 1970s, General Electric research engineers invented improved ways to manufacture tungsten halogen lamps. In 1962, General Electric patented an arc lamp called a Multi Vapor Metal Halide lamp.

Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Civil War - Essay Example The sovereignty they believed was their right was constantly threatened in the period leading up to the Civil War as the balance of power moved from the Southern States to the Northern. It was felt that these States were being eroded as their ability to self-determine slowly changed. Particularly the Northern States’ greater voting power was questioned by Southern leaders such as John Calhoun, who advocated secession from the Union if certain issues were not resolved. He argued that the Union could eventually only be held together by the superior numbers, and the superior wealth of the Northern States as they forced the South to remain in the Union (Calhoun, 1850). It was particularly in the Nullification ordinances that the South expressed resistance to Northern dominance. For example in 1828, a Tariff was imposed on foreign imports by the Federal Government. The Southern States argued that this tariff was intended to favor domestic manufacturers and only certain foreign manufacturers, primarily based on Northern business interests. In fact, it was felt that the Tariff of 1928 â€Å"exceeded its just powers †¦ and †¦ the true meaning and intent of the Constitution† (Calhoun, 1832, & The Constitution of the United States of America Overview, 2012). Thus Ordinances of Nullification were published by the Southern States (for example the South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification) declaring that this and other federal laws would not be honored by these States. The North’s response can be summarized in the words of President Andrew Jackson, that United States laws are â€Å"paramount to State constitutions and laws†. (Jackson, 1932) Similarly, slavery was threatened, and consequently so was the way of life, economic prosperity and a perceived equality with all the States in the Union in the Southern States. As world opinion moved against Slavery, so too did the dominant political opinion among the Northern States. For Southern

Wind Technology and Electricity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Wind Technology and Electricity - Research Paper Example With regards to tapping of wind energy, the speed of the air in movement defines the potential amounts of energy that can be packed within any unit amount of air in motion. This means that too much speed of the moving air can be destructive to structures or equipment useful in the tapping of the wind energy and too little speed can be a waste of resources and time as there would be no sizeable amount of energy tapped. Therefore, while the consideration of tapping wind energy is a vital input to the energy ministry and the livelihood of various entities, specifics that make tapping wind successful should be in line with the amount of wind speed expected, the equipment used and its specifications, the location of the equipment installation and the support of such equipment, and the consistency and/or sustainability of production of wind energy. In this research paper, the tapping of wind energy is considered a work of engineering and therefore, a sizeable portion of this paper dwells o n the equipment used, the specifications of those equipment, different designs and types, their sustainability for energy conversion, the available brands and their differences, the best locations for placing these equipment, the original inventions and the different versions of the same that exist, and the technical considerations that should be evaluated as support and maintenance of the equipment. The tapping of wind energy is normally and always a task that involves the use of wind turbines. The nature and specifications of wind turbines differs from one type to another with regards to scope of production, the location of the turbines, the standards verified, and the policies that control the production and installation of the same. In this... In this research paper, the tapping of wind energy is considered a work of engineering and therefore, a sizeable portion of this paper dwells on the equipment used, the specifications of those equipment, different designs and types, their sustainability for energy conversion, the available brands and their differences, the best locations for placing these equipment, the original inventions and the different versions of the same that exist, and the technical considerations that should be evaluated as support and maintenance of the equipment. The tapping of wind energy is normally and always a task that involves the use of wind turbines. The nature and specifications of wind turbines differs from one type to another with regards to scope of production, the location of the turbines, the standards verified, and the policies that control the production and installation of the same. In this research paper, the exploration of wind energy production is divided into various parts that answer specific questions related to production and sustainability of wind production with regards to wind turbines. The research takes a holistic review of how wind turbines were invented and what their original purpose besides the production of electricity was. On the other hand, the research focuses on the different uses of wind turbines and the margins of production that can be realized from within a grid or from a large scale production. From the disadvantages’ subsection of this research, it is observed that deaths in the line of duty in maintaining wind turbines are a common place. For uninsured personnel, injuries and deaths to engineers is an added cost of maintenance to wind turbines.

Introduction to Negligence, Tort Law

Introduction to Negligence, Tort Law Discuss what is meant by a ‘duty of care’ in the tort of negligence. Explain the test which is applied in the tort of negligence to determine whether the defendant breached the legal duty of care owed to the claimant. What factors would a court take into account when determining how a reasonable person would act? Duty of care Test applied for determining Factors court would take into account to determine how a reasonable person would act Tort law Tort in general are a set of rights, obligation that are provided to the citizen by a civil court in order to maintain safety of people and provide remedies for persons who have been inflicted suffering/losses by the wrongdoings of other citizens. (http://legal dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Tort+Law) A tort is a wrongdoing by a citizen towards another for which he/she is tried in the court of law. The plaintiff is the person against whom the wrong has been committed and who has suffered losses. Whereas, the person because of whom the damages/losses have occurred to the plaintiff is known as the defendant. The law of tort is obtained from common law principles that have come from case laws and legislative enactment. Torts are not dependent on any sort of agreement between the two parties involved and this is how tort law is distinguishable from breach of contract or any other type of law. Moreover, it is the citizen who brings the tort case even though criminal prosecutions are applied by the state. Defendants, in case of tort law, do not receive fines and neither do civil courts incarcerate them. (http://www.findlaw.co.uk/law/government/constitutional_law/500400.html) The word tort is derived from a latin word ‘torquere’, meaning incorrect or twisted. There was no separate legal action under the English common law. In place of tort the English law system provided plaintiffs with two options of reparation: trespass for direct injuries and for indirect injury, action on the case. In time, other civil wrongdoings were also recognized by the English common law, for ex Defamation, libel, slander. English common law became popular in America and they started adopting it. The first U.S. treatises that were published had a portion of common law which was created under the tort law. Every tort action requires some criteria to be fulfilled. First, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant had a legal obligation to act in a particular manner. Second, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant breached this duty by acting in a wrong way. Third, the plaintiff must be able to prove that he suffered losses, damage and injury because of the defendant not being able to follow his legal duty. (http://legal dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Tort+Law) The law of tort aims to serve the following objectives. First, tort law aims at providing compensation to the plaintiff for injury/losses suffered due to the misdoings of the defendant. Second, it tries to punish the defendant by making them pay for the cost of such losses/injury. Third, it seeks to make sure that such an irresponsible, careless behavior is discouraged in the future. Lastly, tort law seeks to claim the legal rights that are compromised or diminished. The above mentioned objectives me into play when the tort liability is imposed on defendants for negligence, intentional misdoings. Types of tort Intentional Torts Intentional tort is when a citizen or a group of people purposely indulge in an activity that harms or causes damage to another. For example, one person attacking another in a fight will be considered as an intentional act that would come under this tort. Seeing the above example it may look like an intentional tort may be categorized as a criminal case, but there are some differences between them. A crime can be thought of as when an individual’s actions damages or injures the interest of the society. Whereas, an intentional tort is when the actions of an individual affects/injures the property/well-being of one individual. While in a criminal case the charges are brought on by the government and can lead to jail sentence, in a tort the victim presses the charges against the defendant and is usually seeking for monetary compensation for the injury/damages caused by the defendant. Negligence Every individual/citizen is anticipated to behave in a particular manner and conduct themselves responsibly. This is also considered as a legal duty of the citizens as this would reduce the risk of damage/injury/harm to the others. If a citizen fails to abide by these requirements he/she is said to be negligent and the act comes under negligence. Tort of negligence has been the most prevalent tort. A lot different than the tort of intention, negligence tort doesn’t consider intentional actions by a person, whereas it takes into account the cases where an individual acts carelessly and fails to obey the above mentioned legal duties towards fellow citizen causing them harm/injury/damage. The most common case is of slip and fall wherein a property owner fails to behave as a rational person would, hence causing harm to the visitor. Strict Liability This type of tort (strict/absolute) involves imposing responsibility, for a damage/injury/harm, on the person who has done wrong without the requirement of proof of negligence or intention. What only count is that an action transpired which eventually led to injury/damage/harm of another person. The most major example is of defective products, where the liability is imposed irrespective of intent. In such cases the only requirement the injured person has to fulfill is to prove that the injury was directly caused by the malfunction of the product in order to have the law on their side. The company’s intention is this case is not taken into consideration. Business tort (http://www.inc.com/articles/1999/11/15387.html) In business tort the damage is not done to an individual but to imperceptible assets such as economic interest or business relations or contracts. Fraudulent Misrepresentation Fraudulent misrepresentation aims at protecting an individual’s economic interests and also their right to reasonable and true treatment. If a plaintiff wishes to file a fraud claim he/she must prove that the defendant purposely misrepresented a fact which the plaintiff relied on and was eventually harmed/suffered losses due to the misrepresentation. For example, if a company presents factually wrong/misleading financial statements to a bank in order to procure a loan and the bank relying on those statements provides the loan then the bank is eligible to file a case for fraud against the company if they aren’t able to pay the loan back. Fraud claim can be filed if the defendant had the duty to disclose a fact but he/she failed to do so. Like for instance a financial advisor on behalf of both buyer and seller may be held for fraud if he has knowledge about the toxic content of the property and fails to tell this to the buyer. TORT OF NEGLIGENCE The most common kind of tort that one comes across is the tort of negligence and is generally used to represent behavior that causes the unreasonable risk of harm to other individuals. There are a few elements that are required to be established for the negligence tort. They are as follows: A duty of care should exist between the plaintiff and the defendant. The defendant breaching that duty of care. Defendants breach causes direct harm/ injury/damage to the plaintiff. DUTY OF CARE A duty of care is when a person is required to behave carefully, with responsibility and attention towards other individuals in a way a reasonable person would. If the individual fails to meet the expected standard of care then they behavior is considered negligent and any damage/harm resulting from it may be filed for negligence it the court of law. (http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/duty+of+care) Judges making decisions in various cases involving tort of negligence has led to the gradual development of duty of care. This first came to light in a case of negligence of donoghuev v Stevenson (1932) in which the plaintiff (mrs. Donoghuev) went to a cafà © with a friend of hers. Her friend brought her a drink of ginger beer and ice cream. The contents of the beer couldn’t be seen as it was in a dark bottle. Mrs. Donoghuev drank some of the beer and then poured the rest out and to her shock saw a dead, decomposing snail in the drink. This horrified mrs. Donoghuev and led to her becoming ill. The main reason of her falling ill was the sight and the ginger beer she had already drunk. In spite of clear negligence on the part of the manufacturer mrs. Donoghuev couldn’t claim against the manufacturer or the shopkeeper based on contract since she wasn’t the one who bought the drink. Mrs. Donoghuev’s friend bought the drink hence she could claim against the cafà © based on contract, but again since her friend didn’t suffer any kind of illness/losses apart from the fact that she had bought the defective good. In this case the only remedy that could be provided was money back to the friend and no remedy for mrs. Donoghuev’s health. Hence, mrs. Donoghuev decided to file a claim against the drink’s manufacturer (Stevenson). Her claims were based on the stomach illness and resulting shock from the consumption of the beer and the sight respectively. Whether her claim against the drink’s manufacturer would succeed or no was now dependent on the court’s decision. This situation led to lord Atkin’s famous statement. â€Å"The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law, you must not injure your neighbour; and the lawyer’s question, ‘Who is my neighbour?’ receives a restricted reply.You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour.Who, then, in law is my neighbour? The answer seems to be: persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question.† Donoghuev v stevenson (1932) was the first attempt that succeeded to set out a general principle with respect to the concept of the duty of care. As the lawyers began to realize that the above mentioned principle could be changed to be used with various types of cases, the test was restructured to create the three part test in the case of caparo v dickman (1990) The general parameters set in the test for caparo v dickman were as follows It should be reasonably foreseeable that an individual in the plaintiff’s position was at risk of injury/harm/damage. There should be satisfactory proximity between the two parties. Proximity here means that two parties involved should be close enough such that it is ‘reasonably foreseeable’ that negligence by one party leads to damage/injury to the other party. It should be just, rational and realistic to enforce liability on the defendant. All the above mentioned parameters should be met if a duty of care is to be payable by the defendant to the plaintiff. Also there is a necessity for each part to be proved and explained separately and unambiguously. Caparo Test The First Part – Foreseeablility This test is objective. Would it be foreseeable that someone in the claimants place might be injured by a reasonable individual? In Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) it can be seen that the consumer’s health will be affected if the snail gets into the bottle. This particular situation is of supplying consumable products with foreign bodies in it and a reasonable individual would be able to foresee that the consumer (plaintiff) may very likely be injured. In the case of Kent v Griffiths (2000) a patient was suffering from a serious asthma attack and therefore a doctor ordered an ambulance to take the patient to the hospital immediately. The ambulance control centre received the messaged and they acknowledged it. Without any acceptable reason the ambulance arrived very late, the result of which was that the patient suffered a heart attack. The heart attack could have been avoided if she had been attended to earlier. A reasonable individual would find it foreseeable that that the ambulance’s failure to arrive in time would cause the patient to suffer from serious harm. There have also been various cases where the courts have decided that it isn’t reasonably foreseeable that the plaintiff would suffer harm. For instance, in Bournhill v Young (1943) a motorcyclist crashed into a car and was killed due to driving too fast. Mrs. Bournhill, who was very close to the scene, was eight months pregnant. Mrs. Bournhill only heard the incident but didn’t actually see it. As she witnessed the blood on the road and body it led to her experiencing a severe shock which further led to her baby being born still. She filed a case against the motorcyclist blaming him for her plight. But the court denied her claims as they decided that the motorcyclist couldn’t have reasonably foreseen that his accident would affect mrs. Bournhill, hence he didn’t owe any duty of care to her. The Second Part – Proximity A duty of care exists only when the harm caused is reasonably foreseeable and also if the relation between the plaintiff and the defendant is sufficiently close. The same can also be seen in the case of Osman v Ferguson (1993) in which the police officers were aware of the risk the victim was at. The victim was hence murdered by the attacker. During the proceedings the courts established that the plaintiff and defendant had a sufficiently close relationship. However, the case failed because it was decided that it isn’t fair, just to impose a duty of care on the police. The Third Part – Fair, just and reasonable Generally, courts refrain from imposing a duty of care on the public authorities. However, is few situations the police do somehow owe a duty of care. In the case of MPC v Reeves (2001) a man with suicidal tendencies was taken into custody by the police. He hanged himself to death in the cell while he was in custody. In this particular case the police did owe the victim a duty of care. Breach of Duty Once a claimant has proved the duty of care is owed he must then show that the defendant breached that duty. This is merely when the defendant falls below the standard of care appropriate to the duty. Breach of duty is measured objectively by the ‘reasonable man test’. The reasonable man is the ordinary person performing the particular task: he is expected to perform it reasonably competently. Thus, when I am riding my bicycle, I am expected to be a reasonably competent cyclist who can ride a bicycle. Therefore, a number of factors that can be considered to raise or lower the standard. This is logical because a reasonable person will rightly take greater risks in an emergency, and take more care when the risk of harm is greater. For a breach of duty to occur, the court will take four factors into account: Now that the plaintiff has proved that duty of care exists the next step is to show that the defendant has breached that duty. -Thedegree of riskinvolved: the greater the risk, the more the defendant has to take care. (Bolton v Stone 1951). -Thecost of precautions: the courts will see how high the risk is involved, and then take into account the expense of taking precautions to prevent that risk (Bolton v Stone and Latimer v AEC). Potential seriousness of injures: so if there is a very high risk of serious injury, the more the defendant needs to be very careful (Paris v Stepney B.C. 1951). -Theimportance of the activity: in an emergency, sometimes it is not possible to reflect, think of a possible risk (Marshall v Osmand 1982). Standard for experts– where the defendant has some expertise, for example, he is a doctor carrying out medical treatment, then the standard of care is that which would normally be expected from a doctor. InBolam v Friern Hospital Management (1957)the judge said: A man need not possess the highest expert skill; it is †¦ sufficient if he exercises the ordinary skill of an ordinary competent man exercising that particular art. In some situations, it is difficult to know exactly what happened, although it is found obvious that the defendant was negligent. In these situations a rule calledres ipsa loquitur, which means (things speak for themselves) was developed by judges. It has to be shown that: à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·The defendant was in control of the situation (causing injury). à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·The injury was more likely than not to be caused by negligence. If the claimant proves these two things then the defendant has to prove that he was not negligent. This rule was shown in the case ofScott v London and St. Katherine Docks (1865)where the claimant was hit by six bags of sugar which fell from the defendant’s warehouse. The claimant could not say why the bags had fallen but the court ruled that the facts spoke for themselves and it was up to the defendant to prove that he was not negligent.

Colonial history of the United States Essay

Test Review Chapters 1-3 Day 1 Review (Monday) * Website review: themes and learning objectives from Chapter 1 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter1/ * includes review Multiple choice and essay questions Topics to review: * Summarize the changes in European society that led to the era of exploration between 1400 and 1700. (pg. 9-12, 23-28) * Describe the Spanish Empire in the New World during the 1500s. Include political, military, economic, social, and cultural considerations. (pg. 11-20) * Discuss the economic and religious motivations that led to the establishment of English colonies in North America. (pg. 23-27) * Explain the French process of colonization and interaction with the natives. (pg. 27) Day 2 Review (Tuesday) * Website review: major themes and learning objectives from Chapter 2 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter2/ * Includes review Multiple choice and essay questions Topics to Review: * Compare and contrast the development of Virginia with that of New England. Consider social, economic, political, and religious differences (Page: 34–49) * Explain the underlying causes and the unfortunate consequences of Bacon’s Rebellion. (pg. 39-40) * Contrast the early years of Pennsylvania with the early years of Georgia. (Page: 52–54, 58–59) * Compare and contrast the religious, economic, and social cultures of the Puritans and Quakers. (Page: 40–49, 52–54) Day 3 Review (Wednesday) * Website review: major themes and learning objectives from Chapter 3 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter3/ * includes review multiple choice and essay questions Topics to Review: * Compare and contrast the institutions of white indentured servitude and African slavery in early colonial America. (Page: 66–67, 71–75) * Compare and contrast the lives of colonial women in the Chesapeake with those in New England. (Page: 69–71) * Compare and contrast the economies of the southern colonies with those of the northern colonies in the 1600s and 1700s. (Page: 77–89) * Compare and contrast the society found on a southern plantation of the late 1600s with that of a Puritan community of the same period. (Page: 83–87) * Explain how religion developed in the New England colonies during the 1600s and early 1700s. (Page: 89–91) * Compare the growth of education and organized religious thought in eighteenth-century colonial America. (Page: 89–94) Test Review Chapters 1-3 Day 1 Review (Monday) * Website review: themes and learning objectives from Chapter 1 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter1/ * includes review Multiple choice and essay questions Topics to review: * Summarize the changes in European society that led to the era of exploration between 1400 and 1700. (pg. 9-12, 23-28) * Describe the Spanish Empire in the New World during the 1500s. Include political, military, economic, social, and cultural considerations. (pg. 11-20) * Discuss the economic and religious motivations that led to the establishment of English colonies in North America. (pg. 23-27) * Explain the French process of colonization and interaction with the natives. (pg. 27) Day 2 Review (Tuesday) * Website review: major themes and learning objectives from Chapter 2 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter2/ * Includes review Multiple choice and essay questions Topics to Review: * Compare and contrast the development of Virginia with that of New England. Consider social, economic, political, and religious differences (Page: 34–49) * Explain the underlying causes and the unfortunate consequences of Bacon’s Rebellion. (pg. 39-40) * Contrast the early years of Pennsylvania with the early years of Georgia. (Page: 52–54, 58–59) * Compare and contrast the religious, economic, and social cultures of the Puritans and Quakers. (Page: 40–49, 52–54) Day 3 Review (Wednesday) * Website review: major themes and learning objectives from Chapter 3 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter3/ * includes review multiple choice and essay questions Topics to Review: * Compare and contrast the institutions of white indentured servitude and African slavery in early colonial America. (Page: 66–67, 71–75) * Compare and contrast the lives of colonial women in the Chesapeake with those in New England. (Page: 69–71) * Compare and contrast the economies of the southern colonies with those of the northern colonies in the 1600s and 1700s. (Page: 77–89) * Compare and contrast the society found on a southern plantation of the late 1600s with that of a Puritan community of the same period. (Page: 83–87) * Explain how religion developed in the New England colonies during the 1600s and early 1700s. (Page: 89–91) * Compare the growth of education and organized religious thought in eighteenth-century colonial America. (Page: 89–94)

Funnel Beaker Culture First Farmers of Scandinavia

The Funnel Beaker Culture is the name of the first farming society in northern Europe and Scandinavia. There are several names for this culture and related cultures: Funnel Beaker Culture is abbreviated FBC, but it is also known by its German name Tricherrandbecher or Trichterbecher (abbreviated TRB) and in some academic texts it is simply recorded as Early Neolithic 1. Dates for the TRB/FBC vary depending on the exact region, but the period generally lasted between 4100-2800 calendar years BC (cal BC), and the culture was based in western, central and northern Germany, the eastern Netherlands, southern Scandinavia, and most parts of Poland. The FBC history is one of a slow transition from a Mesolithic subsistence system based strictly on hunting and gathering to one of full-fledged farming of domesticated wheat, barley, legumes, and herding of domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats. Distinguishing Traits The main distinguishing trait for FBC is a pottery form called funnel beaker, a handle-less drinking vessel shaped like a funnel. These were hand-built from local clay and decorated with modeling, stamping, incising, and impressing. Elaborate flint and ground stone axes and jewelry made of amber are also in Funnel Beaker assemblages. TRB/FBC also brought the first use of the wheel and plow in the region, the production of wool from sheep and goats, and the increased use of animals for specialized tasks. The FBC was also involved in extensive trade outside of the region, for large flint tools from flint mines, and for the latter adoption of other domestic plants (such as poppy) and animals (cattle). Gradual Adoption The exact date of the entry of domesticated plants and animals from the near east (via the Balkans) into northern Europe and Scandinavia varies with the region. The first sheep and goats were introduced into northwestern Germany 4,100-4200 cal BC, along with TRB pottery. By 3950 cal BC those traits were introduced into Zealand. Before the advent of the TRB, the region was occupied by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, and, by all appearances, the change from Mesolithic lifeways to Neolithic farming practices was a slow one, with full-time agriculture taking between several decades to nearly 1,000 years to be fully adopted. The Funnel Beaker culture represents a massive economic shift from almost total dependence on wild resources to a diet based on tended cereals and domestic animals, and it was accompanied by a newly sedentary mode of life in complex settlements, the erection of elaborate monuments, and the use of pottery and polished stone tools. As with the Linearbandkeramic in central Europe, there is some  debate about whether the change was caused by migrants into the region or adoption of new techniques by the local Mesolithic people: it was likely a little of both. Farming and sedentism led to population increases and as the FBC societies became more complex they also became socially stratified. Changing Landuse Practices One important piece of the TRB/FBC in northern Europe involved a drastic change in land use. The darkly forested woodlands of the region were environmentally impacted by the new farmers expanding their cereal fields and pastured areas and by timber exploitation for building construction. The most important impact of these was the construction of pasturages. The use of the deep forest for cattle foraging is not unknown  and is practiced even today in some places in Britain, but the TRB people in northern Europe and Scandinavia deforested some areas for this purpose. Cattle came to play a prominent role in the switch to permanent farming in the temperate zones: they served as a food storage mechanism, surviving on fodder to produce milk and meat for their humans over the winter. Plant Use Cereals used by TRB/FBC were mostly emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum) and naked barley (Hordeum vulgare) and lesser amounts of free-threshing wheat (T. aestivum/durum/turgidum), einkorn wheat (T. monococcum), and spelt (Triticum spelta). Flax (Linum usitatissimum), peas (Pisum sativum) and other pulses, and poppy (Papaver somniferum) as an oil plant. Their diets continued to include gathered foods such as hazelnut (Corylus), crab apple (Malus, sloe plums (Prunus spinosa), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), and blackberry (R. frruticosus). Depending on the region, some FBC harvested fat hen (Chenopodium album), acorn (Quercus), water chestnut (Trapa natans), and hawthorn (Crataegus). Funnel Beaker Life   The new northern farmers lived in villages made up of small short-term houses made of poles. But there were public structures in the villages, in the form of ditched enclosures. These enclosures were circular to oval systems made up of ditches and banks, and they varied in size and shape  but included few buildings within the ditches. A gradual change in burial customs is in evidence at TRB sites. The earliest forms associated with TRB are substantial burial monuments which were communal burials: they began as individual graves but were reopened again and again for later burials. Eventually, the wooden supports of the original chambers were replaced with stone, creating impressive passage graves with central chambers and roofs made of glacial boulders, some covered with earth or small stones. Thousands of megalithic tombs were created in this fashion. Flintbek The introduction of the wheel into northern Europe and Scandinavia occurred during the FBC. That evidence was found at the archaeological site of Flintbek, located in the Schleswig-Holstein region of northern Germany, about 8 kilometers (5 miles) from the Baltic coast near the town of Kiel. The site is a cemetery containing at least 88 Neolithic and Bronze Age burials. The overall Flintbek site is that of a long, loosely connected chain of grave mounds, or barrows, approximately 4 km (3 mi) long and .5 km (.3 mi) wide, roughly following a narrow ridge formed by a glacial ground moraine. The most prominent feature of the site is Flintbek LA 3, a 53x19 m (174-62 ft) mound, surrounded by a curb of boulders. A set of cart tracks were found beneath the most-recent half of the barrow, consisting of a pair of ruts from a wagon fitted with wheels. The tracks (direct-dated to 3650-3335 cal BC) lead from the edge to the center of the mound, ending at the central location of Dolmen IV, the last burial construction at the site. Scholars believe these were laid down by wheels rather than tracks from a drag cart, due to the wavy impressions in the longitudinal sections. A Few Funnel Beaker Sites Poland: Dabki 9Sweden: AlmhovDenmark: Havnelev, Lisbjerg-Skole, SarupGermany: Flintbek, Oldenburg-Danau, Rastorf, Wangels, Wolkenwehe, Triwalk, Albersdorf-Dieksknà ¶ll, Huntedorf, Hude, Flà ¶geln-Eekhà ¶ltjenSwitzerland: Niederwil Sources Bakker JA, Kruk J, Lanting AE, and Milisauskas S. 1999. The earliest evidence of wheeled vehicles in Europe and the Near East. Antiquity 73(282):778-790.Gron KJ, Montgomery J, Nielsen PO, Nowell GM, Peterkin JL, Sà ¸rensen L, and Rowley-Conwy P. 2016. Strontium isotope evidence of early Funnel Beaker Culture movement of cattle. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 6:248-251.Gron KJ, and Rowley-Conwy P. 2017. Herbivore diets and the anthropogenic environment of early farming in southern Scandinavia. The Holocene 27(1):98-109.Hinz M, Feeser I, Sjà ¶gren K-G, and Mà ¼ller J. 2012. Demography and the intensity of cultural activities: an evaluation of Funnel Beaker Societies (4200–2800  cal BC). Journal of Archaeological Science 39(10):3331-3340.Jansen D, and Nelle O. 2014. The Neolithic woodland – archaeoanthracology of six Funnel Beaker sites in the lowlands of Germany. Journal of Archaeological Science 51:154-163.Kirleis W, and Fischer E. 2014. Neolithic cultiv ation of tetraploid free threshing wheat in Denmark and Northern Germany: implications for crop diversity and societal dynamics of the Funnel Beaker Culture. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 23(1):81-96.Kirleis W, Klooß S, Kroll H, and Mà ¼ller J. 2012. Crop growing and gathering in the northern German Neolithic: a review supplemented by new results. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 21(3):221-242.Mischka D. 2011. The Neolithic burial sequence at Flintbek LA 3, north Germany, and its cart tracks: a precise chronology. Antiquity 85(329):742-758.Skoglund P, Malmstrà ¶m H, Raghavan M, Storà ¥ J, Hall P, Willerslev E, Gilbert MTP, Gà ¶therstrà ¶m A, and Jakobsson M. 2012. Origins and genetic legacy of Neolithic farmers and hunter-gatherers in Europe. Science 336:466-469.

Corporate Social Responsibility - 2536 Words

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a very controversial topic. A question that has been debated for the past few decades is; is it corporately viable to introduce social responsibility as a proposed addition to the work ethic of business organisations. As well as, if adopting the framework of corporate social responsibility would yield positive improvements for those organisations. The purpose of this essay is to research the notion of CSR and uncover its true framework and outline what social responsibility truly means to corporate organisations, and whether it should be seriously considered to be a legitimate addition to the corporate framework of an organisation. This will be done by outlining some of the basics through the†¦show more content†¦ Gray, E. (1974), which are: 1. Economic/market values as opposed to non-economic/human values. 2. The ethics of non-maleficence contrasted with the ethics of beneficence, and 3. A stakeholder interest dimension. According to Boal, K. Peery, K. (1985: 71-82) in terms of explained variance, their analysis suggests that the dimension of economic/market values Ââ€" non-economic/human values is the most important dimension. The second most important dimension was ethics (non-maleficence Vs Beneficence), which corresponds to ‘quality-of-life issues such as cultural values, social justice, and employee rights. This is an ethical dimension, which, according to Boal, K. Peery, K. (1985: 71-82) is independent of the economic dimension and is of crucial importance to an understanding of social responsibility. The third dimension of social responsibility considers the outcomes of decisions in terms of who benefits from them. An acceptable decision outcome should either protect or promote the rights of those affected. There could be exceptional circumstances, which would justify minimising one of these dimensions. 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